Result

Assalamualaikum w.b.t

Besides the programming, this study also examines how the ultrasonic sensors functions. All the data are gathered presented in Table 3. The table shows analysis of the ultrasonic Sensor analog voltage value between the calculation value and measurement value. Figure 24 illustrate the concepts of the calculation which is followed with the formulas.

Table 3: Result of analyzing the ultrasonic sensor

No	Range (cm)	Calculation (mV) 1 inch= 10mV	Measured (mV)	Error %
1	0	0	0	0
2	5	50	42	16
3	10	100	94	6
4	15	150	142	5.3
5	20	200	193	3.5
6	25	250	245	2.0
7	30	300	296	1.3
8	35	350	346	1.1
9	40	400	396	1.0

Figure 24: Square Wave Oscillation

Figure 24 shows the usual square wave. In each time interval, the waves repeat regularly because they are stable. The waves commute between V- and V+, stop at every stage of running time (Ta or Tb). Therefore, t is the addition of Ta and Tb.

T = Ta + Tb

Where

            T is the period of the square wave

            Ta is the interval between T1 and T2

            Tb is the interval between T2 and T3

            For frequencies,

            T = (1/F) = 0.69 C1 [2R1 + (R2+R3)]

By using the formula above, duty cycle can be found through the calculation steps as follows:

T off = 0.69C1

T on = 0.69C1 (R1 +R2+R3)

Duty cycle = (T on / T)

Duty cycle = (R1+R2+R3) / [(R2+R3) +2R1]

            In Table 3, the voltage values obtained from the test are slightly different from the values shown in the ultrasonic sensor data sheet. It shows that there were errors with the ultrasonic analog output by. In relation, Figure 25 shows the difference between calculation value and the measured value.